The Challenges of Vaccine Development against Betacoronaviruses: Antibody Dependent Enhancement and Sendai Virus as a Possible Vaccine Vector
To design an effective and safe vaccine against betacoronaviruses, it is necessary to use their evolutionarily conservative antigenic determinants that will elicit the combination of strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Targeting such determinants minimizes the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection.
This phenomenon was observed in animal trials of experimental vaccines against SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV that were developed based on inactivated coronavirus or vector constructs expressing the spike protein (S) of the virion.
The substitution and glycosylation of certain amino acids in the antigenic determinants of the S-protein, as well as its conformational changes, can lead to the same effect in a new experimental vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Using more conservative structural and accessory viral proteins for the vaccine antigenic determinants will help to avoid this problem.
This review outlines approaches for developing vaccines against the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that are based on non-pathogenic viral vectors. For efficient prevention of infections caused by respiratory pathogens the ability of the vaccine to stimulate mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract is important.
Such a vaccine can be developed using non-pathogenic Sendai virus vector, since it can be administered intranasally and induce a mucosal immune response that strengthens the antiviral barrier in the respiratory tract and provides reliable protection against infection.
Description: Creative Biogene Monkeypox Virus Real Time PCR Kit is used for the detection of monkeypox Virus in serum or lesion exudate samples by using real time PCR systems. Monkeypox virus (MPV) is a double-stranded DNA, zoonotic virus and a species of the genus Orthopoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. It is one of the human orthopoxviruses that includes variola (VARV), cowpox (CPX), and vaccinia (VACV) viruses. The kit contains a specific ready-to-use system for the detection of the monkeypox Virus. Fluorescence is emitted and measured by the real time systems' optical unit during the PCR.
Description: Monkeypox virus is the virus that causes the disease monkeypox in both humans and animals. Monkeypox virus is an Orthopoxvirus, a genus of the family Poxviridae that contains other viral species that target mammals. The virus is mainly found in tropical rainforest regions of central and West Africa. The primary route of infection is thought to be contact with the infected animals or their bodily fluids. The genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of linear double-stranded DNA, 185000 nucleotides long. The Monkeypox Virus real time PCR Kit contains a specific ready-to-use system for the detection of the Monkeypox Virusthrough polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the real-time PCR system. The master contains reagents and enzymes for the specific amplification of the Monkeypox Virus DNA. Fluorescence is emitted and measured by the real time systems ́ optical unit during the PCR. The detection of amplified Monkeypox Virus DNA fragment is performed in fluorimeter channel 530nm with the fluorescent quencher BHQ1. DNA extraction buffer is available in the kit and serum or lesion exudate samples are used for the extraction of the DNA. In addition, the kit contains a system to identify possible PCR inhibition by measuring the 560nm fluorescence of the internal control (IC). An external positive control defined as 1×10^7 copies/ml is supplied which allow the determination of the gene load.
Description: Monkeypox virus is the virus that causes the disease monkeypox in both humans and animals. Monkeypox virus is an Orthopoxvirus, a genus of the family Poxviridae that contains other viral species that target mammals. The virus is mainly found in tropical rainforest regions of central and West Africa. The primary route of infection is thought to be contact with the infected animals or their bodily fluids.The genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of linear double-stranded DNA, 185000 nucleotides long.The Monkeypox Virus real time PCR Kit contains a specific ready-to-use system for the detection of the Monkeypox Virusthrough polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the real-time PCR system. The master contains reagents and enzymes for the specific amplification of theMonkeypox VirusDNA. Fluorescence is emitted and measured by the real time systems ́ optical unit during the PCR. The detection of amplified Monkeypox Virus DNA fragment is performed in fluorimeter channelFAM with the fluorescent quencher BHQ1. DNA extraction buffer is available in the kit and serum or lesion exudate samples are used for the extraction of the DNA. In addition, the kit contains a system to identify possible PCR inhibition by measuring the HEX/VIC/JOE fluorescence of the internal control (IC). An external positive control defined as 1×107copies/ml is supplied which allow the determination of the gene load.
Description: The Bioperfectus Monkeypox Virus Real Time PCR Kit is an in vitro diagnostic test, based on real-time PCR technology, for the detection of DNA from the Monkeypox virus. Specimens can be obtained from human serum, lesion exudate samples and scab. BSL-2 facilities with standard BSL-2 work practices may be used for the test of t he Monkeypox virus.
Development of High Resolution DNA Melting Analysis for Simultaneous Detection of Potato Mop-Top Virus and Its Vector, Spongospora subterranea, in Soil
In this study, a set of duplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-mediated high resolution DNA melting (HRM) analyses for simultaneous detection of potato mop-virus (PMTV) and its protist vector, Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea (Sss), was developed.
The infestation of soil by PMTV was detected by using a tobacco-based baiting system. Total RNA extracted from the soil led to successful RT-PCR gel-electrophoresis detection of both PMTV and Sss.
To facilitate more efficient detection, newly designed primer pairs for PMTV RNA species (i.e., RNA-Rep, -CP, and -TGB) were analyzed together with the existing Sss primers using real-time RT-PCR. The resulting amplicons exhibited melting profiles that could be readily differentiated.
Under duplex RT-PCR format, all PMTV and Sss primer combinations led to successful detection of respective PMTV RNA species and Sss in the samples by high resolution DNA melting (HRM) analyses.
When the duplex HRM assay was applied to soil samples collected from six fields at four different sites in New Brunswick, Canada, positive detection of PMTV and/or Sss was found in 63-100% samples collected from fields in which PMTV-infected tubers had been observed.
In contrast, the samples from fields where neither PMTV- nor Sss-infected tubers had been observed resulted in negative detection by the assay. Bait tobacco bioassay for PMTV and Sss produced similar results.
Between 63%-83% and 100% of the soil samples collected from PMTV-infested fields led to PMTV and Sss infections in the bait tobacco plants, respectively; whereas no PMTV or Sss infected plants were obtained from soil samples collected from PMTV/Sss-free fields.
The Brighton Collaboration standardized template for collection of key information for benefit-risk assessment of viralvector vaccines
Many of the vaccines under development for COVID-19 involve the use of viral vectors. The Brighton Collaboration Benefit-Risk Assessment of Vaccines by Technology (BRAVATO, formerly the Viral Vector Vaccine Safety Working Group, V3SWG) working group has prepared a standardized template to describe the key considerations for the benefit-risk assessment of viral vector vaccines.
This will facilitate key stakeholders to anticipate potential safety issues and interpret or assess safety data. This would also help improve communication and public acceptance of licensed viral vector vaccines.
CMV Real-TM Quant
Real Time PCR Test for quantitative detection of CMV
Boster's Green Dye One Step qRT-PCR Master Mix contains all the reagents necessary for reverse transcription and PCR amplification to occur in a single PCR re-action tube, without the template. The Master Mix contains a qRT-PCR Enzyme Mix and a Green Dye qPCR MasterMix, including proprietary Reverse Transcriptase, Ribonuclease Inhibitor, dNTPs and a finely balanced ratio of Oligo (dT)s and Random Primers. The Master Mix also has the high specificity of hot start polymerase. This Master Mix offers the user an efficient and reliable alternative to conventional “two-step” qRT-PCR. Gene-specific primers must be used along with this kit.
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More about our proprietary Reverse Transcriptase:
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The native Reverse Transcriptase has RNase H capacity and degrades mRNA. Using a series of strategic targeted mutations, our scientists successfully nullified the RNase H activity of our RT enzyme, thus preventing RNA degradation during first-strand cDNA synthesis, resulting in higher yields and increase in the achievable length of synthesized cDNA. The engineered Reverse Transcriptase also contains a fidelity‐enhancing sub-unit which ensures superior accuracy in reverse transcription.
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Green Dye One Step qRT-PCR Master Mix For Quantitative Real Time PCR With ROX Dye
HPV genotypes 14 Real-TM Quant
Real Time PCR test for quantitative detection and genotyping of HPV (16, 18, 31,
33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68)
HPV 14 Screen & 16,18,45 Typing Real-TM Quant
Real Time PCR test for quantitative detection of 14 HPV (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39,
45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68) and genotyping of HPV 16, 18, 45
qPCR ProbesMasterMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
Description: qPCR ProbesMasterMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
qPCR ProbesMasterMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
Description: qPCR ProbesMasterMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
qPCR ProbesMaster UNGMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
Description: qPCR ProbesMaster UNGMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
qPCR ProbesMaster UNGMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
Description: qPCR ProbesMaster UNGMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
qPCR ProbesMaster highROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
Description: qPCR ProbesMaster highROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
qPCR ProbesMaster highROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
Description: qPCR ProbesMaster highROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
qPCR ProbesMaster lowROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
Description: qPCR ProbesMaster lowROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
qPCR ProbesMaster lowROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
Description: qPCR ProbesMaster lowROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
qPCR ProbesMaster UNG lowROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
Description: qPCR ProbesMaster UNG lowROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
qPCR ProbesMaster UNG lowROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
Description: qPCR ProbesMaster UNG lowROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
qPCR ProbesMaster UNG highROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
Description: qPCR ProbesMaster UNG highROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
qPCR ProbesMaster UNG highROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
Description: qPCR ProbesMaster UNG highROXMaster mix for quantitative real-time PCR using labeled DNA probes, 2 x conc. master mix** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
HIV RT-PCR Fluorescence Quantitative Detection Kit
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