The Challenges of Vaccine Development against Betacoronaviruses: Antibody Dependent Enhancement and Sendai Virus as a Possible Vaccine Vector
To design an effective and safe vaccine against betacoronaviruses, it is necessary to use their evolutionarily conservative antigenic determinants that will elicit the combination of strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Targeting such determinants minimizes the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection.
This phenomenon was observed in animal trials of experimental vaccines against SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV that were developed based on inactivated coronavirus or vector constructs expressing the spike protein (S) of the virion.
The substitution and glycosylation of certain amino acids in the antigenic determinants of the S-protein, as well as its conformational changes, can lead to the same effect in a new experimental vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Using more conservative structural and accessory viral proteins for the vaccine antigenic determinants will help to avoid this problem.
This review outlines approaches for developing vaccines against the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that are based on non-pathogenic viral vectors. For efficient prevention of infections caused by respiratory pathogens the ability of the vaccine to stimulate mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract is important.
Such a vaccine can be developed using non-pathogenic Sendai virus vector, since it can be administered intranasally and induce a mucosal immune response that strengthens the antiviral barrier in the respiratory tract and provides reliable protection against infection.

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81010 | lumiprobe | 10 mL | EUR 869 |
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71010 | lumiprobe | 5 mL | EUR 625 |
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31033 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 428 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
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31034 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 399 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
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31035 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 399 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
![]() PMA Real-Time PCR Bacterial Viability Kit - Staphylococcus aureus (mecA) |
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31036 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 399 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
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31050 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 428 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
![]() PMA Real-Time PCR Bacterial Viability Kit - Listeria monocytogenes (hly) |
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31051 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 399 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
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31053 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 428 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
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![]() hsa-mir-92b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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![]() hsa-mir-130b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097691 | Abbexa |
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Development of High Resolution DNA Melting Analysis for Simultaneous Detection of Potato Mop-Top Virus and Its Vector, Spongospora subterranea, in Soil
In this study, a set of duplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-mediated high resolution DNA melting (HRM) analyses for simultaneous detection of potato mop-virus (PMTV) and its protist vector, Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea (Sss), was developed.
- The infestation of soil by PMTV was detected by using a tobacco-based baiting system. Total RNA extracted from the soil led to successful RT-PCR gel-electrophoresis detection of both PMTV and Sss.
- To facilitate more efficient detection, newly designed primer pairs for PMTV RNA species (i.e., RNA-Rep, -CP, and -TGB) were analyzed together with the existing Sss primers using real-time RT-PCR. The resulting amplicons exhibited melting profiles that could be readily differentiated.
- Under duplex RT-PCR format, all PMTV and Sss primer combinations led to successful detection of respective PMTV RNA species and Sss in the samples by high resolution DNA melting (HRM) analyses.
- When the duplex HRM assay was applied to soil samples collected from six fields at four different sites in New Brunswick, Canada, positive detection of PMTV and/or Sss was found in 63-100% samples collected from fields in which PMTV-infected tubers had been observed.
- In contrast, the samples from fields where neither PMTV- nor Sss-infected tubers had been observed resulted in negative detection by the assay. Bait tobacco bioassay for PMTV and Sss produced similar results.
- Between 63%-83% and 100% of the soil samples collected from PMTV-infested fields led to PMTV and Sss infections in the bait tobacco plants, respectively; whereas no PMTV or Sss infected plants were obtained from soil samples collected from PMTV/Sss-free fields.
The Brighton Collaboration standardized template for collection of key information for benefit-risk assessment of viral vector vaccines
Many of the vaccines under development for COVID-19 involve the use of viral vectors. The Brighton Collaboration Benefit-Risk Assessment of Vaccines by Technology (BRAVATO, formerly the Viral Vector Vaccine Safety Working Group, V3SWG) working group has prepared a standardized template to describe the key considerations for the benefit-risk assessment of viral vector vaccines.
This will facilitate key stakeholders to anticipate potential safety issues and interpret or assess safety data. This would also help improve communication and public acceptance of licensed viral vector vaccines.
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31034 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 399 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
![]() PMA Real-Time PCR Bacterial Viability Kit - Staphylococcus aureus (nuc) |
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31035 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 399 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
![]() PMA Real-Time PCR Bacterial Viability Kit - Staphylococcus aureus (mecA) |
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31036 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 399 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
![]() PMA Real-Time PCR Bacterial Viability Kit - E. coli (uidA) |
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31050 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 428 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
![]() PMA Real-Time PCR Bacterial Viability Kit - Listeria monocytogenes (hly) |
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31051 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 399 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
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31053 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 428 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
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RR-0478-02 | Liferiver | 25 tests/kit | EUR 991 |
Description: Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real Time RT-PCR Kit is used for the qualitative detection of a novel coronavirus, which was identified in 2019 at Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in upper respiratory tract specimens (nasopharyngeal extracts, deep cough sputum, etc.) and lower respiratory tract specimens (alveoli irrigation fluid, etc.) by real time PCR systems. |
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31033-X | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 428 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
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31050-X | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 428 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
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31051-X | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 428 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
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DD2H | Detroit R&D | 1 Kit | EUR 430 |
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DD2M | Detroit R&D | 1 Kit | EUR 430 |
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DD2R | Detroit R&D | 1 Kit | EUR 430 |
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20-abx097601 | Abbexa |
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31037 | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 428 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1kit |
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FYT105-100P | Yeastern Biotech | 100 Preps 1.25 ml | Ask for price |
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HLUCPL-I | Real Time Primers | 1 set | EUR 548 |
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HSCH-I | Real Time Primers | 1 set | EUR 548 |
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A26979 | GeneOn | 1x100 pcs | EUR 186 |
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M034-Kit | TOKU-E | Kit | EUR 266 |
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31037-X | Biotium | 1kit | EUR 428 |
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PCR-0108-LP-RT-C | CORNING | 125/pk | EUR 709 |
Description: PCR Plates & Tubes; PCR Strip Tubes and Strip Caps - Axygen |
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PCR-0108-LP-RT-W | CORNING | 125/pk | EUR 770 |
Description: PCR Plates & Tubes; PCR Strip Tubes and Strip Caps - Axygen |
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FYT103-100P | Yeastern Biotech | 100 Preps 1.25 ml | Ask for price |
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FYT104-100P | Yeastern Biotech | 100 Preps 1.25 ml | Ask for price |
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FYT104-400P | Yeastern Biotech | 400 Preps 1.25 ml x 4 | Ask for price |
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FYT105-400P | Yeastern Biotech | 400 Preps 1.25 ml x 4 | Ask for price |
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FYT106-100P | Yeastern Biotech | 100 Preps 1.25 ml | Ask for price |
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20-abx097603 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-let-7b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097604 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-let-7c Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097605 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-let-7d Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097606 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-let-7e Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097607 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-let-7f Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097608 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-let-7g Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
|||
20-abx097609 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-let-7i Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097610 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-let-7f Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097611 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-1 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097612 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-7 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097613 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-9 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097614 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-9* Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097615 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-10a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097616 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-10b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097617 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-10a* Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097618 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-15a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097619 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-15b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097620 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-16 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097622 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-18a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097625 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-18b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097626 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-19a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
|||
20-abx097627 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-19b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
|||
20-abx097628 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-20a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097629 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-20b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
|||
20-abx097630 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-21 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
|||
20-abx097631 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-22 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097632 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-23a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097633 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-23b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097634 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-25 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097636 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-26a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097637 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-26b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097638 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-27a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097639 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-27b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097640 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-29a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097642 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-29b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097643 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-29c Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097644 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-30a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097645 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-30b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097647 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-30c Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097648 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-30d Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097650 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-30e Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097651 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-31 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097652 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-32 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097653 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-33a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097654 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-34a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097657 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-34b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097659 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-92a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097661 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-92b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097662 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-93 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097663 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-95 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097664 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-96 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097665 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-98 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097666 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-99a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097667 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-99b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097669 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-100 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097671 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-101 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097673 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-103 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097675 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-105 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097676 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-106a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097677 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-106b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097678 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-107 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097679 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-124 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097680 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-125a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097681 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-127 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097686 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-129 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097689 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-130a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097690 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-130b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097691 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-132 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097692 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-133a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097693 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-133b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097694 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-134 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097695 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-135b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097696 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-137 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097699 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-138 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097700 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-139 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097701 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-140 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097702 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-141 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097703 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-143 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097706 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-145 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097708 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-146a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097709 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-149 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097711 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-150 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097712 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-151 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097714 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-152 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097715 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-153 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097716 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-154 Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097717 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-181a Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097719 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-181b Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097720 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-181c Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097721 | Abbexa |
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![]() hsa-mir-181d Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and cel-mir-39-3p Calibration Kit |
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20-abx097722 | Abbexa |
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